El vocabulario productivo y su relación con la gramática en niños hablantes de castellano peruano entre los 16 y los 30 meses / Productive vocabulary and its relationship with grammar in Spanish-speaking children from 16 to 30 months of age

Resumen Se examinaron datos provenientes de la evaluación del lenguaje de 104 niños con edades entre 16 y 30 meses residentes en Lima con una versión preliminar de la adaptación de la Forma II de los reportes parentales MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) al español del Perú. Se analizó el léxico productivo a partir de la lista de palabras del reporte y se realizaron análisis de regresión para evaluar si el nivel de vocabulario contribuía a predecir el desarrollo gramatical de los niños, empleando como variables de control la edad del niño y el nivel de escolarización materna (como indicador del nivel socioeconómico) y como variables dependientes la longitud media de los tres enunciados más largos (LME3) y la complejidad morfosintáctica (CM), obtenidas con el CDI. Los sustantivos fueron la clase de palabras más frecuente y que más aumentó con la edad, como en el italiano (Caselli et al., 1995; D'Odorico y Fasolo, 2007) y el español mexicano (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 1993). Además, el nivel de vocabulario predijo el nivel de desarrollo gramatical, como en el español peninsular (Mariscal y Gallego, 2012) y en el mexicano (Thal, Jackson-Maldonado y Acosta, 2000): una vez controlados los efectos de la edad y la escolarización materna, el vocabulario explicó el 20 % de la variabilidad de la LME3 y el 37 % de la variabilidad de la CM. Este estudio ofrece información sobre el desarrollo temprano del vocabulario y la gramática en el español del Perú, una etapa escasamente estudiada en esta variedad.

Abstract We present results from the analysis of data from 104 children with ages ranging from 16 to 30 months, living in Lima, Peru. The data was collected using a preliminary version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (CDI), Form II, adapted to Peruvian Spanish. The CDIs are parental reports that assess language through the presentation of a series of items to the parents, mainly in the form of a checklist. We aimed to (1) describe the composition of Peruvian children's productive lexicon at this age, (2) identify whether nouns were the most frequent class in their vocabulary, and also the class which increased the most with age, as is the case in Italian (Caselli et al., 1995; D'Odorico y Fasolo, 2007) and Mexican Spanish (Jackson-Maldonado et al., 1993); and (3) assess whether vocabulary size explained the level of grammatical development as in Peninsular and Mexican Spanish (Mariscal & Gallego, 2012; Thal, Jackson-Maldonado & Acosta, 2000). In order to do so, we analyzed the following data: age; maternal education level (as an indicator of socioeconomic status); vocabulary (represented by a list of more than 500 words that parents recognized as produced or not by their children); the mean length of the three longest utterances produced by the child as reported by parents; and sentence complexity, a measure of the level of structures produced by the child based on the parent's report. To achieve the first and second goals, words in the vocabulary list were classified according to grammatical class. Then, the percentage of production of each class of words was calculated, as well as the correlation between this percentage and age. Children's vocabulary was composed mainly of nouns, which represented 57 % of the production, followed by predicates (verbs and adjectives) and function words (pronouns, determiners, prepositions, conjunctions and connectives). Noun was the class of words that increased the most with age, showing the highest correlation with such variable (r = .72). Correlations between other types of words and age varied: it was also high for adjectives; but moderate for some classes and low for others. This showed that each type of word increased at different rates. Regarding the third goal, to assess the relationship between vocabulary size and level of grammatical development, two regression analyses were conducted to predict the variables mean-length-of-the-three-longest-utterances and sentence-complexity. For both analyses, age and maternal education level were entered in the first step, in order to control for their effect; and vocabulary was entered in the second step. Both models accounted for substantial amounts of variance and showed an important effect on vocabulary. The model with the mean-length-of-the-three-longest-utterances as the dependent variable accounted for 56 % of the variance. The first step explained 37 % of the variance (due to the contribution of both age and maternal education level), and the second step explained an additional 20 %. The model with sentence-complexity accounted for a higher percentage of the variance, 75 %. The first step explained 38 % of the variance, exclusively due to age; while the second step explained an additional 37 %. These results suggest a strong relationship between vocabulary and grammar. Further research is needed to confirm these results with direct measures of child production and more representative samples of children acquiring Peruvian Spanish, including speakers of dialects of other parts of the country. However, these results, preliminary as they are, shed light on the composition of vocabulary and its relationship with grammar in a variety of Spanish scarcely studied during early stages of development.

Trocas alimentares entre bebês irmãos de autistas e suas mães: risco ou recurso? / Exchanges of food among siblings of autistic babies and their mothers: risk or resource? / Echanges de nourriture entre bébés frères et sÅ"urs d'autistes et de leurs mères: risque ou ressource? / Intercambios de alimentación entre bebés hermanos de niños con autismo y sus madres: riesgo o recurso?

Partindo da importância que a ingestão de alimentos tem para a construção da realidade interna do bebê, este trabalho propõe discutir a relação que mães de um primeiro filho diagnosticado como autista estabelecem com seus filhos mais novos durante a alimentação. Serão apresentadas vinhetas clínicas que enfatizam as noções de necessidade e demanda, aspectos da relação entre os pais e a criança e os efeitos terapêuticos que as entrevistas de pesquisa podem gerar nas famílias.

Based on the fact that food intake is significant for the construction of a baby's internal reality, the present article discusses the relationship that mothers - whose oldest child was diagnosed with autism - established with their younger children at meal time. Clinical vignettes are presented to call attention to the concepts of need and demand, aspects of the relationship between parents and children, and the therapeutic effects that the research interviews may bring about in the families.

En prenant comme point de départ l'importance de l'ingestion des aliments pour la construction de la réalité interne du bébé, cet article vise à discuter le rapport que les mères de premiers-nés autistes établissent avec leurs autres enfants pendant leur alimentation. Nous présentons des vignettes cliniques qui mettent l'accent sur les notions de besoin et de demande, les aspects du rapport entre les parents et l'enfant et les effets thérapeutiques qui peuvent résulter des entretiens de la recherche pour les familles.

Asumiendo la importancia que la ingesta de alimentos tiene para construir la realidad interna del bebé, este estudio discute la relación que las madres del primer hijo diagnosticado como autista establecen con sus hijos pequeños durante la alimentación. Se presentaran viñetas clínicas enfatizando las nociones de necesidad y de demanda, en las relaciones entre padres y niños y los efectos terapéuticos que pueden generar las entrevistas de investigación en las familias.

Winnicott: la experiencia de ser en el mundo / Winnicott: the experience of being in the world

El objetivo del presente trabajo es reflexionar acerca de los siguientes conceptos planteados por Winnicott: la función de la madre ambiente en el desarrollo temprano, verdadero y falso self. Se aplican dichos conceptos en un análisis poético intentando establecer un puente entre ambos lenguajes cargados de imágenes y metáforas.

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the following concepts introduced by Winnicott: the role of the environment-mother in early development, true and false self. These are applied in a poetic analysis trying to build a bridge between both languages lo aded with images and metaphors.

Sexual Dimorphism and deviation en the proportion of sexes in preimplantory embryos / Dimorfismo sexual y desviación en la proporción de los sexos en embriones preimplantatorios / Dimorfismo sexual e desvio na proporção dos sexos em embriõespré-implantatorios

Sexual differences in size and morphology are common in the animal kingdom and they have been mainly explained by sexual selection. According to classic theory of sexual determination and differentiation, the morphologic differences between the same specie individuals both different sex starts to show up soon after and as a consequence of the gonads formation and development. However, increasing evidence coincide in signaling that differences between males and females star to be evident long before of gonads formation, from preimplantatory stadium [week 1] or even from zygotic stadium [day 1]. Differences in kinetics of development and in energetic preimplantatory metabolism have been explained by genetic and epigenetic differences which underlie it and, in the case of get persistent, they can take them until disrupting the normal sex ratio. In this review about sexual dimorphism in preimplantatory embryos hypothesis, accumulated evidences and scenarios [in vivo e in vitro] are explored, as well as the last findings and possible changes that will have to be faced by the embryology.

Las diferencias sexuales en tamaño y morfología son comunes en el reino animal y se han explicado principalmente por la selección sexual. De acuerdo con la teoría clásica de la determinación y diferenciación sexual, las diferencias morfológicas entre individuos de la misma especie pero de diferente sexo se empiezan a manifestar poco después ycomo consecuencia de la formación y desarrollo de las gónadas. No obstante, evidencia creciente coincide en señalarque las diferencias entre machos y hembras se comienzan a manifestar mucho antes de la formación de las gónadas, desde el estado preimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde el estado cigótico [día 1]. Diferencias en la cinética dedesarrollo y en el metabolismo energético preimplantatorio han sido explicadas por diferencias genéticas y epigenéticas que les subyacen y que de persistir pueden llegar hasta afectar la normal proporción de los sexos. En la presente revisión sobre el dimorfismo sexual de embriones preimplantatorios se exploran las hipótesis, las evidencias acumuladas, los escenarios [in vivo e in vitro] y, a la luz de los últimos hallazgos, los posibles cambios que deberá enfrentar la embriología.

As diferenças sexuais no tamanho e morfologia são comuns no reino animal e foi explicado principalmente pelaseleção sexual. De acordo com a teoria clássica da determinação e diferencia sexual, as diferencias morfológicasentre indivíduos da mesma espécie, porém de diferente sexo começam a manifestar pouco depois e comoconsequência da formação e desenvolvimento das gônadas. Contudo, evidencia crescente coincide em assinalar que as diferenças entre machos e fêmeas começam a se manifestar muito antes da formação das gônadas, desde o estadopreimplantatorio [semana 1] e inclusive desde o estado cigótico [dia 1]. Diferenças na cinética de desenvolvimento e no metabolismo energético preimplantatorio foram explicadas por diferenças genéticas e epigenêticas que lhes segueme que de persistir podem chegar até em afetar a normal proporção dos sexos. Na presente revisão sobre o dimorfismosexual de embriões preimplantatorios são exploradas as seguintes hipóteses, as evidencias acumuladas, os cenários[in vivo e in vitro] e, à luz dos últimos descobrimentos, as possíveis mudanças que deverá enfrentar a embriologia.

Uso de psicofármacos en el trastorno autista: utilidad, racionalidad y potenciales implementaciones: segunda parte / Use of psychopharmacological drugs in the autistic disorder: usefulness, rationality and potential implementations: second part

La profusa información y postulaciones etiológicas relacionadas con el autismo optimizan su utilidad cuando resultan coherentes entre sí y pueden ser contrastadas con modelos de normalidad. Se trata de una difícil tarea que en los últimos tiempos es abordada con creciente rigurosidad y compromiso. El aporte que la Psicofarmacología puede constituir como parte del tratamiento requiere su contextualización en esta vasta, compleja y dinámica red de hallazgos y teorizaciones.

The abundant information and etiological propositions related with autism optimize its utility when there turns to be coherence between them, and when they can be compared against normality models. It is a difficult task which in recent times has been dealt with increasing thoroughness and commitment. The contribution that Psychopharmacology may constitute as part of the treatment of autism makes it necessary to contextualize it within the vast, complex and dynamic network of findings and theorizations.

The early development of the Patagonian squid Loligo gahi D'Orbigny, 1835 in Peruvian Waters (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

The early development of the Patagonian squid, Loligo gahi D'Orbigny,1835, was studied in the field and in the laboratory. Egg strands, spawned off San Lorenzo Island, Peru, were collected, carried to the laboratory, and incubated in a closed sea water system. Egg capsules ranged from 88 to169 mm in length, and each capsule contained between 56 and 114 fertilized eggs. Individual eggs ranged from 1,7 to 2,1 mm in length, and the mantle length of hatchlings varied from 1,9 to 2,8 mm. Development took about 20 days at a mean temperature of 19 ºC. The pattern of embryonic development is similar to that previously observed in other species of Loligo. Following hatching, paralarvaes survived for 45 days with a diet of zooplankton (copepods, mysids and polychaete larvaes).

El desarrollo temprano del calamar patagónico, Loligo gahi D'Orbigny, 1835 fue estudiado en el campo y en el laboratorio. Las puestas colectadas en la Isla San Lorenzo, Perú, fueron transferidas al laboratorio, e incubadas en un sistema cerrado de agua marina. Las cápsulas midieron de 88 a 169 mm de longitud y cada cápsula contenía entre 56 y 114 huevos fertilizados. Los huevos midieron de 1,7 a 2,1 mm de longitud y la longitud del manto de los individuos eclosionados varió de 1,9 a 2,8 mm. El desarrollo de las paralarvas se logró a los 20 días, a una temperatura promedio de 19 ºC. El patrón de desarrollo embrionario es similar al observado en otras especies de Loligo. Las paralarvas sobrevivieron 45 días con una dieta de zooplancton (copepódos, micidáceos y larvas de poliquetos)